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The Polish language is a West Slavic language, and thus descends from Proto-Slavic, and more distantly from Proto-Indo-European. More specifically, it is a member of the Lechitic branch of the West Slavic languages, along with other languages spoken in areas within or close to the area of modern Poland, including Kashubian, Silesian, and the extinct Slovincian and Polabian. The history of the language can be divided into four periods of development: Old Polish, up to the start of the 16th century; Middle Polish, from the 16th century until the end of the 18th century; New Polish, up to 1930; and Modern Polish, since 1930.〔(Article "Polish language for centuries" )〕 This page lists the most important changes that have taken place in the history of the Polish language. == Phonetic processes from Proto-Slavic == * Addition of a voiced labiodental fricative before ''ǫ'': :: ''ǫglь'' > ''vǫglь'' > ''węgiel'' ("coal") * Palatalization (softening) of consonants before front vowels ''i'', ''ь'', ''e'', ''ę'', ''ě'': :: ''sę'' > > ''się'' () (generic reflexive pronoun; self, oneself; myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves, etc. also each other, one another) :: ''bělъjь'' > ''biały'' ("white") * Ablaut of vowels before hard (non-palatalized) alveolar consonants: ''e'' > ''o'', ''ě'' > ''a'' :: ''nesą'' > ''niosę'' but ''nesešь'' > ''niesiesz'' ("you carry") :: ''bělъjь'' > ''biały'' but ''bělitъ'' > ''bieli'' ("whitens") : * The traces of the transition of ''ě'' into ''a'' in verbs after ''j'', ''š'', ''ž'', ''č'' have disappeared ::: ''slyšatь'', ''slyšalъ'', ''slyšalь'' > ''słyszeć'', ''słyszał'', ''słyszeli'' ("to hear, he heard, they heard"); compare Russian слышать (''slyshat’'') ::: ''visětь'', ''visělъ'', ''visělь'' > ''wisieć'', ''wisiał'', ''wisieli'' ("to hang, he hung, they hung") ::: The only remnants are ''stojatь'', ''bojatь'' ("to stand, to be afraid") > ''stojać'', ''bojać'' in dialects of Wielkopolska – ''stać'', ''bać'' in the dialect of Małopolska and in the literary language * The disappearance of weak yers and the change of strong yers into : :: ''pьsъ'' > ''pies'' ("dog (nom.)") but ''pьsa'' > ''psa'' ("dog (gen.)") :: ''sъnъ'' > ''sen'' ("sleep (nom.)") * Formation of long vowels as a result of: : * contraction (synaeresis) of two syllables into one (''ojo''-type groups), for example: ''nogojǫ'' > > ''nogą'' ("leg (inst.)") : * compensatory lengthening for the loss of yers : * preservation of the old length of intonation (from the neoacute accent) * Proto-Slavic ''ę'' and ''ǫ'' were merged (after ''ę'' had palatalized a previous consonant) : * around the 11th century, there were 4 distinct nasal vowels , , , , as the long and short reflexes of ''ę'' and ''ǫ'' : * in the 12th century the pronunciation of ''ę'' and ''ǫ'' was lowered, eventually merging as : * in the 13th and 14th century the only difference was in the vowel length, hence the common symbol ''ø'' for all nasal vowels * Then, after the nasal vowels had merged, the disappearance of long vowels: : * the length of , , disappeared without a trace in the early 16th century : * the length of , , , caused raising (constriction) of these vowels in the early 16th century: :: * > > , written ''ó'' :: * > , written ''ę'' (with loss of nasalization in some places); but > > , written ''ą'' :: * > or , originally written ''á'' or ''å'', but eventually merged back to short by the 18th century. However in many dialects it became (e.g. ''pon'' for standard ''pan'' "man") :: * > > or , written as ''é'' in the 19th century ("daléj, daléj/niech się na powietrzu spali" – Adam Mickiewicz's ''Forefathers' Eve''), but eventually it has merged with short :::: ''nesǫtъ'' > > ''niosą'' ("they carry") but ''nesǫ'' > > ''niosę'' ("I carry") :::: ''bogъ'' > > ''bóg'' ("god (nom.)") but ''boga'' > > ''boga'' ("god (gen.)") :::: ''kurъ'' > > ''kur'' ("cockerel") * Development of sonorants from Proto-Slavic liquid diphthongs :: X - any consonant :: T - alveolar :: Tʲ - palatalized alveolar (or palatoalveolar) :: P - labial or labiovelar :: K - velar :: Č - retroflex ("rustling"), derived from a palatalized velar : * XorX, XerT > XarX (exceptionally XerT > XʲarT, XorX > XurX, XorX) ::: ''korkъ'' > ''kark'' ("neck") ::: ''černъjь'' > ''czarny'' ("black") ::: ''zerno'' > ''ziarno'' ("seed") : * XerTʲ > XirTʲ > XʲerTʲ ::: ''vertitь'' > ''wiercić'' ("to drill") : * XerK/XerP > XirzX > XʲerzX (exceptionally XarX) ::: ''verxъ'' > ''wierzch'' ("top") ::: ''verba'' > ''wierzba'' ("willow") ::: ''perxъjь'' > ''parchy'', but ''perchnǫtь'' > ''pierzchnąć'' ("to chap") : * in general ir, irʲ > ʲer, ʲerz ::: ''sěkyra'' > ''siekira'' > ''siekiera'' ("axe") : * TolX, TelX > TłuX ::: ''delgъjь'' > ''długi'' ("long") ::: ''stolpъ'' > ''stłup'' > ''słup'' ("pillar") :: * but Toln, Teln > Tłun > Tłon :::: ''solnьce'' > ''słuńce'' > ''słońce'' ("sun") : * PolX, KolX, PelT > XełX, but sometimes PolX > PołX, PułX ::: ''kolbasa'' > ''kiełbasa'' ("sausage") ::: ''velna'' > ''wełna'' ("wool") ::: ''molva'' > ''mołwa'' > ''mowa'' ("speech") ::: ''polkъ'' > ''pułk'' ("regiment") : * ČelX > ČełX > ČołX > ČółX ::: ''čelno'' > ''czółno'' ("canoe") ::: ''želtъjь'' > ''żółty'' ("yellow") : * PelTʲ, PelP, PelK > PilX ::: ''velkъ > ''wilk'' ("wolf") * Palatalization of velars: ''ke'', ''ky'', ''ge'', ''gy'' > ''kie'', ''ki'', ''gie'', ''gi'' :: ''bogyni'' > ''bogini'' ("goddess") * Strengthening of palatalization: ''sʲ'', ''zʲ'', ''tʲ'', ''dʲ'', ''nʲ'' > ''ś'', ''ź'', ''ć'', ''dź'', ''ń'' () :: ''losь'' > ''łoś'' ("elk") * Palatal assimilation :: ''gostь'' > ''gostʲ'' > ''gość'' ("guest") :: ''sъpi'' > ''spʲi'' > ''śpi'' ("is asleep") * Loss of palatalization in certain environments : * ''š'', ''ž'', ''č'', ''dž'', ''cʲ'', ''dzʲ'', ''rʲ'' (> ''ř'' > ''rz'') and ''lʲ'' (note that hard ''l'' > ''ł'' ) lost their palatalization altogether: ::: ''či'' > ''czy'' ("if") : * ''pʲ'', ''bʲ'', ''wʲ'', ''fʲ'', ''mʲ'' depalatalized when at the end of a word or before a consonant: ::: ''golǫbь'' > ''gołãbʲ'' > ''gołąb'' ("dove") : * ''sʲ'', ''zʲ'', ''tʲ'', ''dʲ'', ''nʲ'' in some cases depalatalized before a non-palatal consonant: ::: ''kotьnъjь'' > ''kotʲny'' > ''kotny'' * Simplification of consonant clusters : * ''kń'' > ''kś'' ::: ''kъnędzь'' > ''kniądz'' > ''ksiądz'' ("priest") : * ''czs'' > ''cs'' > ''c'', ''dźs'' > ''ćs'' > ''c'', ''żs'' > ''szs'' > ''s'' ::: ''czso'' > ''co'' ("what") ::: ''lud'' – ''ludzki'' < ''ludźski'' ("people – human") ::: ''bogaty'' – ''bogactwo'' < ''bogaćstwo'' ("rich – richness") ::: ''Bóg'' – ''boski'' < ''bożski'' ("God – divine") ::: ''Włochy'' – ''włoski'' < ''włoszski'' ("Italy – Italian") ::: ''Ruś'' – ''ruski'' < ''ruśski'' ("Rus' – of or relating to Rus'") : * ''śćc'' > ''jc'', ''dźc'' > ''ćc'' > ''jc'' ::: ''miejsce'' < ''mieśćce'' < ''městьce'' ("lace") ::: ''ojca'' < ''oćca'' < ''otьca'' ("father") ::: ''rajca'' < ''radźca'' ("councilmen") : * ''źdźs'' > ''śćs'' > ''js'' ::: ''miasto'' – ''miejski'' < ''mieśćski'' ("town – urban") ::: ''ujazd'' – ''ujejski'' < ''ujeźdźski'' ::: ''sześćset'' ("six hundred") : * ''srʲ'' > ''sʲrʲ'' > ''śrz'' > ''śr'', analogically ''zrʲ'' > ''źr'' (in dialects of Wielkopolska and Silesia: ''strz'', ''zdrz'', in the dialect of Małopolska: ''rś'', ''rź'') ::: ''sreda'' > ''środa'' (dial. ''strzoda'', ''rsioda'') ("Wednesday") ::: ''zrěnica'' > ''źrenica'' (dial. ''zdrzenica'', ''rzienica'') ("pupil") : * ''zgn'', ''rgn'', ''rgm'' > ''zn'', ''rn'', ''rm'' ::: ''rozgniewać'' > ''rozniewać'' (Old Polish, "to become angry") ::: ''burgmistrz'' (cf. German ''Bürgermeister'') > ''burmistrz'' ("mayor") : * ''rdc'', ''zdn'', ''łdn'', ''cztw'', ''stb'', ''stł'', ''stl'' > ''rc'', ''zn'', ''łn'', ''czw'', ''zb'', ''sł'', ''śl'' ::: ''serdьce'' > ''sierdce'' > ''serce'' ("heart") ::: ''cztwarty'' > ''czwarty'' ("fourth") * ''ji'' > ''i'' (at least in spelling and while pronouncing clearly) :: ''dojitь'' > ''doić'' ("to milk") :: ''jixъ'' > ''ich'' ("their") * l-vocalization :: ''kolo'' > ''koło'' (initially , nowadays ) * Word stress initially retained the mobile paradigms of Proto-Slavic, but then became initial, before finally becoming penultimate today. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Polish」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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